SHORT ACHIEVABLE GOALS

1. List of Adjectives
2. Subjunctive Verbs
3. Irregular Present Subjunctives
4. Expressions
5. Conditional Verbs
6. Demonstrative Pronouns
7. Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns

SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS

• The regular subjunctive forms are shown below:

ame	corra	viva
ames	corras	vivas
ame	corra	viva
amemos	corramos	vivamos
améis	corráis	viváis
amen	corran	vivan

• Subjunctive verbs may be used to talk about something that may or may not exist
• I'm looking for evidence that the government covered up the 1947 discovery of an extraterrestrial spacecraft in the case known as ROSWELL.
• Maybe no such evidence exists.
• Subjunctives might be used to build doubt into your sentence.
• You might use it for the expression "God willing that ..."
• The present subjunctive was used for formal commands
• It was used for negative tú and negative vosotros commands
• It was used for first person plural commands
• doubt, fear, hope, joy, sorrow
 

Dudo que	I doubt that
No creo que	I don't believe that
Temo que	I fear that
Me alegro de que	I am happy that
Espero que	I hope that

• After the adverbs
• acaso
• quizá
• tal vez

 

dar	estar	haber	ir	saber	ser
dé	esté	haya	vaya	sepa	sea
des	estés	hayas	vayas	sepas	seas
dé	esté	hayay	vaya	sepa	sea
demos	estemos	hayamos	vayamos	sepamos	seamos
deis	estéis	hayáis	vayáis	sep´is	seáis
den	estén	hayan	vayan	sepan	sean

Two different references list second person pluarl dar without an accent

 

a eso de las tres	at about three o'clock
al fin y al cabo	after all
a través de	through
¿algo más?	something else?
cada cual	each one
de manera que	so that
de modo que	so that
de prisa	quickly
de nada	it's nothing, you're welcome
dentro de poco	in a while
desde luego	of course
en seguida	right away
¡no puedo más!	I can't take it anymore!
lo siento	I'm sorry
poco a poco	little by little
por lo tanto	for that reason
sin falta	without fail
sin embargo	however, nevertheless
tener que	to have to, must
todo el mundo	everyone
por mi parte	as far as I'm concerned

• Conditional verbs may be used if some action occurs as a result of a condition.
• The conditionals for regular verbs

yo	amaría	correría	vivería
tú	amarías	correrías	viverías
ella, él, usted	amaría	correría	vivería
nosotros	amaríamos	correríamos	viveríamos
vosotros	amaríais	correríais	viveríais
ellos	amarían	correrían	viverían

• He sobrevivido, evidentemente. No estaría hablando con vosotros si no fuera así.
• I survived, obviously. I wouldn't be talking to you if I hadn't.
• (I am talking to you because I survived)
• ¿La sed de sangre? Creo que podría existir sin ella por completo.
• The blood thirst? I believe I could exist without it altogether.
• (I could live without the blood)

• This, that, these and those
• As adjectives, the above agree with the gender and number of the noun
• number means singular vs. plural
• As adjectives, they come right before the noun
• este gato (this cat)
• esa pregunta (that question)
• aquel vampiro (that vampire)

Spanish singular	English singular	Spanish plural	English plural
esta (fem.) este (mas.)	this one	estas (fem.) estos (mas.)	those
esa (fem.) ese (mas.)	that one	esas (fem.) esos (mas.)	those
aquella (fem.) aquel (mas.)	that one	aquellas (fem.) aquellos (mas.)	those

• There is a spatial order to esta vs. esa vs. aquella
• Things labeled with esta are closer than things labeled with esa
• Things labeled with esa are closer than things labeled with aquella
• Where you draw the line is arbitrary
• One textbook seemed to imply that you might use esta for something by you, esa for something away from you and by the person you are talking to, and aquella for something away from you both. The writing appeared to be in the context of a suggestion.

• This, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns if they aren't used as adjectives
• These are the times that try the souls of humans
• In the above examples, you can see the noun that the demonstrative pronoun refers to and thus you know the gender.

Spanish singular English singular Spanish plural English plural ésta (fem.) éste (mas.) this one éstas (fem.) éstos (mas.) those ésa (fem.) ése (mas.) that one ésas (fem.) ésos (mas.) those aquélla (fem.) aquél (mas.) that one aquéllas (fem.) aquéllos (mas.) those

• What if you don't know the gender of the noun that the demonstrative pronoun refers to?
•  You are in a deep forest and you come across a carcass of some creature you have never seen before. "What is that?" you scream, and since you don't know what to call it, you don't know if the noun is feminine or masculine.
• You use a neuter demonstrative pronoun- esto, eso, or aquello
• The esto form is closest to you, and the aquello form is farthest
Whether or not something is 'esto' close to you, 'eso' close to you, or 'aquello' close to you is arbitrary. There might be a correlation between your choice of esto, eso, or aquello, and how loud you scream.
• For the neuter demonstrative pronouns, you might not know what the 'it' is.
• Esto es interesante.
• That is interesting.
• Eso es verdad
• That is true